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Assignment 4: Types of Force
Instructor’s Overview
In many physics problems involving
Newton’s laws of motion, you’ll see statements like, “assume a frictionless
surface” or “neglecting air resistance…”
In this lab we will be exploring both friction and air resistance, two
resistive forces that are critical in the design of real-world products and
systems. Understanding the effects of
these types of forces is essential in the design of such things as aircraft,
automobiles, braking systems, and countless other objects.
This activity is based on Lab 4 of the
eScience Lab kit. Although you should
read all of the content in Lab 4, we will be performing a targeted subset of
the eScience experiments.
Our lab consists of two main
components. These components are
described in detail in the eScience manual.
Here is a quick overview:
- In the first part of the lab, you will measure
the force it takes to pull objects of different mass. This experiment focuses on the effects
of frictional forces. (eScience
Experiment 1) - In the second part of the lab, you will
investigate the effects of air resistance by performing controlled drops
of coffee filters.
Notes:
o
Please
follow the instructions in this document for the air resistance experiment.
o
Record all of your
data in the tables that are provided in this document.
Take detailed
notes as you perform the experiment and fill out the sections below. This document serves as your lab report. Please include detailed descriptions of your
experimental methods and observations.
Experiment Tips and Procedures:
Frictional
Forces
·
Use
the following volumes of water for the three cup types (some of the volumes
outlined in the eScience manual are excessive):
Cup |
Volume |
Volume |
Plastic |
300 |
150 |
Styrofoam |
200 |
100 |
Paper |
100 |
50 |
Air
Resistance Procedure – Follow this procedure, not the one outlined in the
eScience manual
1. Take a single coffee filter and
flatten it out.
2. Hold the filter with both hands away
from your body at roughly the height of your head. Measure the drop height.
3. Practice dropping the filter so that
it descends in a reasonably smooth fashion.
4. Time five (5) drops. If possible, have a partner help you with the
timings.
5. Enter the drop times in the table
provided in this document and calculate the average.
6. From the average drop time, calculate
the average speed of descent. Show your
calculation in the Analysis section of this document.
7. Use small pieces of tape to stick all
of the filters together. My kit came
with three filters.
8. Repeat steps 1-6 with the “super
filter.”
Date:
Student:
Abstract
Introduction
Background:
Objective:
Hypothesis:
Material and Methods
Results
Data tables for the friction experiment:
Plastic cup
Trial |
Applied |
Applied |
Applied |
Applied |
1 |
||||
2 |
||||
3 |
||||
4 |
||||
5 |
||||
Average |
Styrofoam cup
Trial |
Applied |
Applied |
Applied |
Applied |
1 |
||||
2 |
||||
3 |
||||
4 |
||||
5 |
||||
Average |
Paper cup
Trial |
Applied |
Applied |
Applied |
Applied |
1 |
||||
2 |
||||
3 |
||||
4 |
||||
5 |
||||
Average |
Data tables for the air resistance
experiment:
|
Single filter
Trial |
Drop |
1 |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
|
5 |
|
Average |
Analysis and Discussion
Friction Experiment
Air Resistance Experiment
Based on your experimental results,
please answer the following questions:
Friction experiment
What happened to your applied force Fapp as
you decreased the amount of water in the cup?
Explain your answer.
Draw a free body diagram when the applied force is
equal to the force of friction (just before the cup begins to slide). Label the force due to gravity mg, the normal
force FN, and the friction force Ff, but don’t use any
specific numbers. What makes this a state of equilibrium?
How do the experimentally determined ratios of the
applied and normal forces compare between cup types? What does the ratio of the applied force and
the normal force represent?
Look carefully at the force applied right before the
cups begin to slide and compare with the force applied as the cup is sliding at
constant velocity. Is there a difference in the magnitude of forces? If so,
explain. What can you conclude about the coefficients of friction (μs
and μk) using the equation Ff=μFN?
Air resistance experiment
Draw a free body diagram for the falling coffee
filter. What is the net force?
How would the free body diagram differ for a round
rubber ball dropped from the same height?
Are the filters actually traveling at the average
speed over the duration of its fall?
Where does the acceleration occur?
Calculate the fall time of
the filters assuming no air resistance.
How does this fall time compare with the average fall times of the
single and multi-filters?
Why does the combination reach a higher velocity? To answer this question, use your free body
diagram of the falling filter and Newton’s second law to write an equation for
the net force on the falling filter.
Solve this equation for the acceleration and note how it depends on the
mass of the falling object.
Conclusions
References